The `ci/run-docker.sh` utility script adds a `--volume` argument to the
`docker` command to mount the Cargo home directory of the host machine
into the container at `/cargo`.

Prior to this patch the host's Cargo home directory is assumed to be the
`dirname` of the `dirname` of the `cargo` command's path. That works in
most cases where the host machine installed rust with vanilla
`rustup`. It may fail if the host machine used a different method.

For example if the host machine used the Archlinux rustup package[0]
then `cargo` is installed to `/usr/bin/cargo` and the `run-docker.sh`
script incorrectly mounts `/usr/` to the `/cargo` directory of the test
container.

This patch allows specifying an explicit `CARGO_HOME` to the
`ci/run-docker.sh` script so that users with a non-standard cargo dir
can use the utility without modification. By default if no `CARGO_HOME`
is set then the legacy behaviour is used and `CARGO_HOME` defaults to
the `dirname` of the `dirname` of the `cargo` command is used.

[0]: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/rust#Arch_Linux_package

This helps caching between runs and can help speed up turnaround time for
various operations. The old android container didn't work out for some reason
due to permissions so the definition has now been vendored locally to just
rebuild it each time.

Also cache on appveyor to speed up builds.

Previously we were somewhat half-Docker, half-Travis, half apt-get, etc. This
commit alters the CI infrastructure to use Docker images for each target. This
should make it much easier to update the images and tweak various bits and
pieces of installed software. Additionally, it's also much clearer now what's
needed for each suite of tests!

Some images were updated a bit (e.g. musl is now 1.1.14), but other images
encountered failures when updating so they're not getting updated just yet.